Congrats, graduate. You’ve reached one heck of a milestone and I know you’re beyond excited to begin this new chapter in your life. I’ve been there and done that and trust me it’s exciting, but being an adult — it presents its own set of challenges.
Yeah, you’re independent now, have a hot new job (hopefully), and you might already be out of your parent’s house, but it’s time to get serious about managing your money. I’m not talking about keeping enough in your account to avoid non-sufficient fees or making the minimum on your credit card payments.
Neither am I talking about calling home to mom and dad because you have no money to replace a flat tire. No sir, Billy Bob (Yeah, I’m country in case you’re new here), I’m talking about some hardcore budgeting, aggressive student loan payments, retirement, and all that good stuff. Why?
Well, I sure wish I had someone to lay all of this out for me when I was 23 years old. After graduating all that was on my mind was landing a job before my six-month deferment on my student loans ran out. This is probably a major concern of yours as well, but let me tell you, it shouldn’t be your only concern. There’s much more to personal finances than getting a job and paying off debt.
I’ve been out of college for 10 years now and I believe if I’d known what I know now, I’d be further ahead. Since I’ve come upon all of this knowledge, it’s time for me to pay it forward and help you achieve some money goals. Without further delay, we’ve got quite a bit of discussion ahead of us so grab a non-alcoholic drink (so you can concentrate), a notepad, and pen because in the words of dear ole Kevin Hart, “you gone learn today.”
My Guide to Personal Finance? M’kay… where do I start?
Here are the topics we’ll briefly go over today in your guide to personal finance:
- Paychecks
- Budgeting
- Retirement
- Student loan repayment
- Income diversification (aka hustling)
- Improving your personal finance knowledge
Paychecks
Unless mama and daddy have been feeding your bank account, I’m going to go out on a limb and say you probably know what a paycheck is, right? If not, I’m going to point out four major areas you need to keep an eye on each time your employer cuts a check for your hard work.
- Your Gross Income – Gross income is the amount of money you make before taxes and any deductions are made. This is made up of your salary or hourly wage. You should check for accuracy to ensure you are being paid at the rate you are supposed to be getting paid. There’s nothing worse than working a few months and realizing you were paid a few extra dollars less than what you were expecting. Well, maybe there’s one more thing that could be worst — being overpaid and having to pay it back.
- Your Net Income – Net income is the amount of money you bring home after the government has taken their cut and you’ve paid for things like medical insurance, voluntary benefits, 401k, charity donations (United Way, etc). These are the expenses that come out of my paycheck and I use the amount of money I net to determine the income to include in my budget.
- Taxes – You want to make sure you’re paying Uncle Sam the correct amount or else he’ll be coming for you. Check your withholdings and adjust them based on your specific situation. I know nothing about taxes so I would encourage you to use this handy dandy tool they have over on the IRS website, IRS Tax Withholding Calculator.
- Voluntary Withholdings – Your voluntary withholdings are your medical, vision, dental, 401k, etc. Make sure you are paying for the proper coverage based on what you signed up for during enrollment. Take note of what is and isn’t working for you and make sure to make necessary changes during your open enrollment if necessary. If your job offers medical insurance, weigh your options carefully. If you don’t sign up through your employer you have to find insurance elsewhere. This option can be expensive and if you try to dodge healthcare altogether, you will have to pay a fine to Uncle Sam.
Budgeting
You can’t get around this one. No matter what you call it, you need to figure out what you’re going to do with your money. You can call it your budget, spending plan, money plan, financial freedom plan, whateva...just make sure you write it down. You can go the paper and pen route, mark up the back of an envelope, create a spreadsheet, or use software that creates a budget for you. You need to know where your money is going if you want to get ahead financially.
There are two major components of a budget. These components are expenses and savings. The money you spend and the money you save. You want to make sure that in addition to your expenses and discretionary spending that you include long-term savings, short-term savings, and an emergency fund.
Emergency Fund
The emergency fund may be the most important aspect of your budget. Without it, you won’t be able to handle life’s little setbacks which may end up causing you to incur debt. Debt can be avoided in emergency situations such as car repairs, home maintenance, medical bills, etc if you are paying yourself first. In addition to your emergency fund, (which should be used mainly for unemployment, disability, or extreme emergencies), save for unexpected expenses like parking tickets, car repairs, insurance deductibles, etc.
So here’s a quick formula to give you an idea of how you can set up your budget:
Income
- (minus) Savings (unexpected expenses, short-term (summer vacation, etc), long-term (retirement, home down-payment, etc, emergency)
- (minus) Expenses (housing, food, transportation, debt repayment, cell phone**)
- (minus) Discretionary Spending (entertainment, cable, smartphone**, dining out)
= $0.00
**You’ll notice I included phones in expenses and discretionary spending. There’s a difference. You only need one, but whether it’s a need or a want is highly debatable. A cell phone is a simple form of communication, meaning it’s something to call your mama on. A smartphone is a complex luxury which allows you to flex on Instagram and Facebook — it’s not a need. Don’t confuse the two, okay?
A few tools I personally use to help keep my money in check are as follows:
I use this to manage my spending because it’s free. Enough said, but I will elaborate on how they nicely group your spending by category so you will notice whether your spending is getting out of hand in a particular category. Bonus points: it calculates your net worth.
I use this tool to house my budget and appropriate funds. I tried creating my own little spreadsheet and the results were disastrous; therefore, Every Dollar swooped in and saved the day. I use the free version because I’m able to track expenses using Personal Capital’s free tool, but if you want to keep everything in one place, you can purchase this system by the year for $99.99. With the paid version you can link up your bank accounts to track spending and download the app onto your smartphone. Just wanted you to know that you don’t have to spend money to create a budget unless it tickles your fancy.
Anytime someone asks me about our finances, Capital One 360 nicely makes its way into our conversation. Why? Because this online bank allows me to create several savings accounts for different savings goals and I’m in love.
I don’t like pooling all of my money into one savings account. I know people who house their emergency funds with house maintenance funds, clothing money, car repairs funds, etc. These Type A folks (no shade) usually have an elaborate spreadsheet to go along with that one account to itemize how much money is set aside for each goal.
I can’t do it. I tried it and I failed miserably. For me, having $5,000 in one savings account equates to buying whatever the heck I feel like, whenever I feel like it. I don’t see future car repairs or plumbing issues. I see a bright red buggy with Target written on the side, filled with non-essential items.
New to budgeting? Check out this article: Budgets: A Quick, Easy, Simple Method for Beginners.
Retirement
Please don’t think this is something that should be put off until you feel like you’ve arrived. Trust me, I’m ten years out from graduation and I’m still waiting to arrive! If I depended on arriving somewhere (like seriously), I wouldn’t have any coins stacked for my retirement at all. Luckily, I had a little common sense and I hope you do too.
Regardless of whether you’re in debt or not, contribute something to your 401k plan through your employer, especially if they offer a company match. My company provides a match up to a certain percentage, so for every dollar I contribute of my salary, up to the percentage allowed, they throw in the same amount. This is free money! Take advantage of it if it’s offered to you.
If your company doesn’t offer a company match, you still don’t have an excuse. You can still contribute to your 401K, but you have another option to consider as well — an IRA. There are two types of IRA’s: traditional and Roth IRA.
Traditional IRA
A traditional IRA is an account that holds money that can be deducted from your taxable income each year. The money will grow over time and sits in the account untaxed until retirement. You can only contribute $5,500 a year, but if you don’t have a 401k, this is better than nothing at all. If your employer does offer a 401k, the full $5,500 might not be deductible.
Roth IRA
A Roth IRA is an account that holds money that isn’t tax deductible. The money you contribute to a Roth IRA is after-tax dollars and you can contribute up to $5,500 per year. You don’t receive the tax break upfront, but when you withdraw, you won’t pay any taxes. The only taxes you’ll pay is on any earnings made on the initial investment that you withdraw before age 59 ½. You can have a Roth IRA in addition to any employer sponsored 401k plan.
There are quite a few stipulations for both IRA vehicles that I encourage you to look into so you can carefully weigh your options. Check out this article titled, How Do IRA’s Work? By The Art of Manliness. This resource does a great job of laying out all the details you should consider before pursuing either one. Also, just in case you’re thinking about skimping on investing because you’re young, I encourage you to check out this article about compound interest. Hopefully, you’ll reconsider.
Student Loan Repayment
I’ve written a comprehensive article about How to Tackle Your Student Loan Debt; however, I want to point out a few more specific things for the purposes of this article.
- If you’re struggling to make ends meet, there are repayment plans that will ease any budgetary constraints you are experiencing. However, paying more on your loans will help you get out of debt faster. Even an extra $10 is better than a minimum payment.
- If you’re ballin, you might want to consider student loan refinance. You will pay a higher payment each month, but your loan will be paid off in a shorter period and you’ll save much more in interest over the life of the loan.
Income Diversification (Hustling)
Diversifying your income is an important aspect to consider because you should never depend on your full-time gig completely. People get laid off from their main jobs every day and if you’re lucky you’ll receive a severance or unemployment income. However, even those means of income eventually come to an end.
You won’t have to worry about that if you’re focused on building a steady stream of additional income to supplement your full-time job. Start with one side hustle and become really good at it. Find a way to put it on autopilot and then go out and create yourself another stream of income.
For example, if you start a graphic design company online that designs websites for bloggers, you might consider diversifying your income by providing consultation services. Another stream of income you can create is selling pre-made blog templates using an online shop (Note: this idea would be considered passive income if you do it once and continue to make money off it). Once that’s up and running, you might start a blog (that can later be monetized) where you share your expertise with other bloggers on how to DIY their own blog design.
The resources to help you start your own side hustles are endless! I’ve written a review on Hustle Away Debt, by David Carlson that you can read here. David writes at Young Adult Money and his website provides a ton of information about side hustles (online and offline). Between his website and his book, I’m positive you can come up with an idea on how to diversify your income.
A few more sites I love to peruse that cover side hustling are Budgets are Sexy and Side Hustle Nation.
Improve Your Personal Finance Knowledge
Last, but most importantly, you have got to stay on top of your financial knowledge. The best way to manage your money is to continue learning about how to manage your money. That’s a mouthful, I know, but it’s true.
You don’t have to commit a ton of time to learning something new about personal finance. I’ve made an effort to read at least one personal finance book a month to further expand my knowledge. You may opt to take a free retirement class (or two) through your employer. Or you may opt to stay in the know about money related topics through news articles, blogs, or magazines.
Whatever method you choose, be consistent. Always learn something about how to better prepare yourself financially. You may think you’re young now, but I’m here to tell you, life will fly by quicker than you think. You’ll wake up one morning in your mid-thirties (if you’re not already there) and wonder where the time has gone. Use your time wisely and make smart money choices starting now!
I’ll end this with a few good reads. Here are a few books I recommend you check out if you’re just getting started in the personal finance arena (and yes, I’ve read them all and they are good):
I Will Teach You To Be Rich – Ramit Sethi
You’re So Money – Farmoosh Torabi
The Wealth Cure: Putting Money Back in Its Place – Hill Harper
So my personal finance folks, what advice do you have to give these lovely graduates?